Bioassessment of Streams using Macroinvertebrates: Are the Chironomidae Necessary?

Median hardness and sodium levels in groundwater were calculatedfor 244 Texas counties from measurements at 7728 water wells.The data were mapped and analyzed with a geographic informationsystem (GIS). County median hardness levels varied widely, from4–2304 mg L^-1. More than 60% of the counties had hardnessmedians above 180 mg L^-1. County medium sodium concentrationsranged from 6–1170 mg L^-1, with more than 90% of those valuesexceeding 20 mg L^-1. There was a significant positive correlationbetween hardness and sodium concentrations in six of Texas' ninemajor aquifers. A significant negative correlation betweenhardness and sodium was observed in two aquifers. Severalfactors control hardness and sodium variations in Texas aquifers including rock/sediment composition, groundwaterchemical evolution, and seepage from nearby formations. Probablehuman controls include agricultural return flow andpumping-induced saltwater intrusion.     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter On the Bio-Availability and Toxicity of Metals in Soils and Aquatic Systems

Cations in soil are essential for the growth of plants and micro-organisms. Their availability is dependent on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter (SOM) is heterogeneous comprising amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids, but particularly humic substances. All these substances can complex cations selectively. Mechanisms of complexation with dissolved organic matter are discussed. Such complexation can lead to the apparently contradictory observations that dissolved organic matter (DOM) can either increase the concentration of some less soluble nutrients, making them more available for plant uptake, or make them less available and hence less toxic. the importance of DOM is discussed in relation to soil solution, particularly the rhizosphere, and also in relation to aquatic systems. the latter systems contain mainly dissolved humic substances whereas in the soil, non-humic substances assume a greater importance.

SOM in the rhizosphere is derived from plant, microbial and animal remains but much, especially the water-soluble compounds, are acquired through root exudation. Exudation has important consequences for enhanced nutrient availability as a result of the production of non-humic substances such as amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids. in future, the role of root exudation in relation to DOM and nutrient availability should be investigated more fully, particularly as predicted elevated CO₂ levels are likely to have a major impact on root exudation, nutrient availability, and possibly ecosystem community structure and functioning. It is likely that more information will become available on aquatic systems as more highly sensitive techniques and equipment capable of dealing with low concentrations of DOM in these systems become available.     

原子吸收法测定水中总硬度

提出原子吸收法测定总硬度,经试验,该法抗干扰能力强,所需试剂少,简便快速,精密度和准确度与EDTA法一致,可与EDTA滴定法替代使用。     

用自动电位滴定仪测定水的总硬度实验

水的总硬度测定采用EDTA进行络合滴定。实验中用自动电位滴定仪代替人工进行样品分析,由颜色突变判断滴定终点改为电位突变,具有高硬度样品预判断、滴定干扰小、准确度高、节省人力、便于数据记录统计比较等优点。     

我国淡水水生生物镉基准研究

研究了Cd对我国淡水水生生物的毒性效应,包括43种生物的急性毒性数据和14种生物的慢性毒性数据.同时,参照美国环境保护署（USEPA）颁布的水质基准计算方法,按照基准最大浓度（CMC）和基准连续浓度（CCC）计算了我国淡水水生生物的Cd基准.结果表明,我国淡水生物Cd基准的CMC值和CCC值分别为2.1 μg·L-1和0.23 μg·L-1,与美国淡水生物Cd的基准值有一定差别,研究结果为我国的Cd水质标准研究提供了参考依据.     

降雨条件下典型岩溶流域地下水中的物质运移

通过对2008年4月下旬降雨期间,重庆青木关地下河系统出口姜家泉泉水的水文过程、浊度、悬浮颗粒物、主要阳离子和TOC浓度的监测,结合悬浮颗粒物的扫描电镜和能谱分析图,来研究岩溶流域地下水中悬浮颗粒物浓度、浊度、主要阳离子和TOC等物质的运移特征.结果表明,在单一岩溶管道较发育的地下河出口,泉水流量、浊度、悬浮颗粒物浓度、主要阳离子和TOC浓度对降雨事件响应迅速;与碳酸盐岩溶解有关的Ca2+、Mg2+和Sr2+等在流量上升的过程中表现为稀释效应;降雨期间,地下河中受雨水侵蚀的土壤输入量增大,引起泉水中浊度和悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大;泉水中Al3+、Fe、Mn、Ba2+和TOC等物质是悬浮颗粒物的伴生物,其浓度随浊度的增大而增大;在研究的2场降雨期间,地下水携带悬浮颗粒物(0.45μm)的总量约为9.7t;在泉水流量的上升和衰减的过程中,水质较差或极差;降雨期间流域内土壤侵蚀和养分的流失,不但严重破坏了脆弱的岩溶生态环境,而且极易造成地下水由土壤侵蚀引起的非点源污染,对当地居民的饮水安全造成严重的威胁.     

不同离子桥键的有机矿质复合体对菲的吸附-解吸研究

从自然土壤中有机质与矿物的结合方式出发,研究了Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺和Al³⁺桥键的有机矿质复合体对菲的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,不同离子饱和的蒙脱石及其相应的胡敏酸-矿物复合体对菲的吸附-解吸数据都能用Freundlich模型较好地拟合,吸附容量（K_f）大小的顺序分别为Ca-Mont（0.184）>Fe-Mont（0.028）>Al-Mont（0.015）和Fe-Mont-HA（2.341）>Ca-Mont-HA（1.557）>Al-Mont-HA（1.136）.有机矿质复合体的K_f值远远高于相应的矿物,表明了复合体中的胡敏酸对菲的吸附容量贡献较大.但不同离子桥键的复合体K_f值的大小与它们有机质的含量高低次序不一致,表明了复合体中有机质的含量以及有机质与矿物结合方式的不同,都可能会影响它们对菲的吸附.Ca²⁺和Al³⁺桥键的有机矿质复合体对菲的解吸都有滞后现象,滞后现象主要来自有机质对菲的吸附,而矿物对菲的解吸滞后现象影响不明显.     

三种阳离子对地下水总硬度的影响

通过室内浸泡实验改变三种阳离子Na+、H+、NH+4浓度、浸泡时间,对其动力学和热力学行为进行研究,分析土壤浸出液总硬度变化情况,以找出地下水总硬度随外界条件的变化规律,探究地下水硬度变化机理,为减轻该区地下水硬度升高对人类健康、工农业生产的危害及深入研究地下水总硬度变化机理提供理论依据。实验结果表明:三种阳离子对土壤浸出液总硬度影响不同,NH+4交换出的总硬度最大,H+次之,Na+最小;对同一土层土壤,加入外界浸泡液的浓度越大,交换总硬度的速率越大,交换量也越大;三种阳离子的浸泡液可在1h内将土壤中大部分钙镁交换出,遇有长达1h的强降雨或漫灌,Ca2+、Mg2+会逐步向下迁移,最终引起地下水总硬度升高。     

电渗析法深度处理铜冶炼废水研究

文章研究建立了一套电渗析法深度处理铜冶炼废水的小试装置,以某铜冶炼厂废水处理站出水为原水,通过实验,确定了电渗析法的极限电流密度,研究了电压、进水流量、进水浓度等参数对电渗析深度处理工艺出水水质的影响,并通过对比测试不同的阻垢剂对自来水、电渗析进水、电渗析出水的阻垢率,探讨电渗析出水回用后的结垢问题。结果表明:该电渗析装置的极限电流为0.42 A,极限电流密度为1.3 mA/cm2;最佳操作电压为20 V,适宜的进水流量为20 L/h,进水浓度对淡水水质影响不大;采用浓水循环工艺,淡水产率可提高至约80%,浓室TDS超过15 000 mg/L,对浓水的后续处理处置创造了条件;各阻垢剂对电渗析出水的阻垢率为72.0%~76.9%,远大于对电渗析进水的阻垢率,也显著大于对常规自来水的阻垢率。     

HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN THE UPPER RIO GRANDE, 1975 TO 19991

ABSTRACT: Hydrological and geochemical spatial patterns and temporal trends were analyzed using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) water quality data collected from 1975 to 1999 along the uppermost 600 km of the Rio Grande in Colorado and New Mexico. Data on discharge, specific conductivity (SC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^?, SO₄^2‐, Cl^?, F^?, and SiO₂ came from six USGS stations ranging from the Colorado‐New Mexico border to below Albuquerque, New Mexico. Linear regression, Kendall's S, and Seasonal Kendall's S’ were used to detect trends, and ANOVA was used to analyze spatial differences between stations. Statistically significant increasing trends occurred in SC, TDS, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, and F^?in the uppermost reaches, and significant decreasing trends of SC, TDS, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^?, and SO₄^2‐occurred at the lower stations around Albuquerque. Both fluoride concentrations and pH values increased at and below Albuquerque over the study period. Discharge data show an increasing trend across all stations. Spatially, data for dissolved substances show generally linear upstream to downstream increases in concentrations in the upper four stations, with several notable nonlinear increases at and below Albuquerque (SC, TDS, Na⁺, Cl^?). Significant increases in pH appear at and below Albuquerque, relative to upstream stations, probably due to improved sewage treatment.